Warranty claims per unit per year, per model, age band and production batch, from the claims file joined to the installed base register. A batch at three times the model's rate across many customers is the product; one customer at three times the rate across batches is the application.
The customer with the bad batch is at norm once the batch is removed. Do not charge them for engineering's finding.
Engineering gets the batches; the field gets the customers.
Warranty claims divided by units under warranty, per year, by model, age band and production batch, with claim cost beside the count.
Model B has 1,200 units under warranty and 96 claims in a year: 8 percent, against 3 percent for the range. 61 of the claims are from one production quarter.
A single claim rate for the whole range. The batch and the customer causing most of the cost disappear into it.