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Blog · Forecast and pipeline

Run rate and seasonality on twelve months: the whole arithmetic on one page

The complete run rate and seasonal index calculation on one company's twelve months of revenue, small enough to check by hand: the trailing three-month run rate at four points in the year and how far each is from the actual year, the seasonal index per month from three years' shares, the deseasonalised run rate, the same-period-last-year comparison, and the one-off order that doubles a quarter, so a reader can reproduce every figure and then run it on their own ledger.

The short answerTwelve months of revenue totalling $16.0m, with a strong fourth quarter. The trailing three-month run rate annualised from Q1 is $12.0m; from Q4 it is $24.0m; neither is the year. The seasonal index per month, from three years of shares, is each month's share over one twelfth: July at 1.44, January at 0.61. Dividing a quarter's run rate by its months' index gives a deseasonalised figure that sits near $16m from every quarter. Same period last year gives the growth without a model. One project order in March adds $900,000 and, annualised, $3.6m of run rate that will not repeat. Every number can be reproduced by hand.

Run rate is the simplest projection and the easiest to get wrong in a seasonal business. On twelve months it can be checked by hand. This page works the run rate at four points, the seasonal index, the deseasonalised figure, the year-on-year comparison and the one-off order.

The year

Month Revenue Share of year
Jan $0.85m 5.3%
Feb $0.95m 5.9%
Mar $1.20m 7.5%
Apr $1.05m 6.6%
May $1.15m 7.2%
Jun $1.20m 7.5%
Jul $1.90m 11.9%
Aug $1.30m 8.1%
Sep $0.90m 5.6%
Oct $1.50m 9.4%
Nov $1.80m 11.3%
Dec $2.20m 13.8%
Year $16.00m 100%

The run rate at four points

Run rate = trailing three months × 4

Computed after Trailing three Annualised Against the actual year
March $3.00m $12.0m 25% under
June $3.40m $13.6m 15% under
September $4.10m $16.4m 3% over
December $5.50m $22.0m 38% over

Four run rates, four answers, one year.

The seasonal index

From three years' monthly shares, averaged; index = share ÷ 8.33%.

Month Average share Index
Jan 5.1% 0.61
Feb 5.8% 0.70
Mar 7.3% 0.88
Apr 6.5% 0.78
May 7.0% 0.84
Jun 7.5% 0.90
Jul 12.0% 1.44
Aug 8.0% 0.96
Sep 5.6% 0.67
Oct 9.2% 1.10
Nov 11.5% 1.38
Dec 14.5% 1.74

The deseasonalised run rate

Deseasonalised = trailing three ÷ (sum of the three months' indexes ÷ 3) × 4

Computed after Trailing three Mean index Deseasonalised Annualised
March $3.00m 0.73 $4.11m $16.4m
June $3.40m 0.84 $4.05m $16.2m
September $4.10m 1.02 $4.02m $16.1m
December $5.50m 1.41 $3.90m $15.6m

Four figures within five percent of the year, from every quarter.

Same period last year

Quarter This year Last year Growth
Q1 $3.00m $2.80m +7%
Q4 $5.50m $5.30m +4%

No index needed; the growth is the comparison.

The one-off order

Account 4471's March order: $900,000 against a median order of $40,000. Flagged.

Run rate after March With the order Without
Trailing three $3.00m $2.10m
Annualised $12.0m $8.4m
Deseasonalised, annualised $16.4m $11.5m

The order is real and in the ledger. For ranking and projection, the figure without it is the one, and the row says so.

Where it goes wrong, even on twelve months

Q4 annualised in January. A budget a third too high.

Index from a benchmark. Somebody else's December.

One-off unflagged. Q1's deseasonalised figure overstated by five million.

Comparison unstated. Raw, indexed and year-on-year on one chart.

From twelve months to twelve thousand accounts

The same index per segment and per account with its own season, the same one-off flag from each account's median. Covirage runs it on the ledger every month. The run rate guide covers the traps, and the seasonality guide covers the index at scale.

Questions people ask

Why does the Q4 run rate overshoot so much?

Because Q4 carries 37 percent of the year's revenue and annualising it assumes every quarter looks like it. The index says Q4's months run at 1.4 to 1.5 times an average month, and dividing by that brings the run rate back to the year.

Which comparison is the default?

Same period last year, because it needs no index and everyone understands it. The index is for a new account or product with no prior year, or when the in-year trend matters. Both are shown here.

How is the one-off handled?

Flagged from the account's own history, a $900,000 order against a median order of $40,000, and shown with and without. The run rate without it is the one that ranks; the ledger keeps the order.